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Typographic units are the units of measurement used in typography or typesetting. The traditional units are different from common metric units, as they were established earlier. Even though these units are all very small, across a line of print they add up quickly. Confusions such as resetting text originally in type of one unit in type of another will result in words moving from one line to the next, resulting in all sorts of typesetting errors (viz. rivers of white, widows and orphans, disrupted tables, and misplaced captions). == Development == In Europe, the Didot point system was created by François-Ambroise Didot (1730–1804) in c. 1783. Didot's system was based on Pierre Simon Fournier's (1712–1768), but Didot modified Fournier's by adjusting the base unit precisely to a French Royal inch (''pouce''), as Fournier's unit was based on a less common foot. (Fournier's printed scale of his point system, from ''Manuel Typographique'', Barbou, Paris 1764, enlarged) However, the basic idea of the point system – to generate different type sizes by multiplying a single minimum unit calculated by dividing a base measurement unit such as one French Royal inch – was not Didot's invention, but Fournier's.〔 Actually, Sebastien Truchet (1657–1729) had invented a similar type sizing system before Fournier implemented his point system. Truchet's system was applied to the types of the Imprimerie Royale, the ''romains du roi''. It is thought that Fournier knew about Truchet's scheme that was based on the standard French Royal inch and a very fine unit of 1⁄204 ''ligne''. For further information on Truchet's system, refer to James Mosley's "The New Type Bodies of the Imprimerie Royale", pp. 400–408, Vol. 3, ''The Manuel Typographique of Pierre-Simon Fournier'' le jeune, Darmstadt 1995. and Jacques André's "Truchet & Types" (). 〕 In Fournier's system, an approximate French Royal inch (''pouce'') is divided by 12 to calculate 1 ''ligne'', which is then divided by 6 to get 1 point. Didot just made the base unit (one French Royal inch) identical to the standard value defined by the government. ''In Didot's point system:'' *1 point = 1⁄6 ''ligne'' = 1⁄72 French Royal inch = 15 625⁄41 559 mm ≤ 0.375 971 510 4 mm, however in practice mostly: 0.376 000 mm, i.e. + 0.0076%. Both in Didot's and Fournier's systems, some point sizes have traditional names such as ''Cicero'' (before introduction of point systems, type sizes were called by names such as ''Cicero'', Pica, Ruby, Long Primer, etc.). *1 ''cicero'' = 12 Didot points = 1⁄6 French Royal inch = 62 500⁄13 853 mm ≤ 4.511 658 124 6 mm, also in practice mostly: 4.512 000 mm, i.e. + 0.0076%. The Didot point system has been widely used in European countries. An abbreviation for it that these countries use is "dd", employing an old method for indicating plurals. Hence "12 dd" means twelve didot points. In Britain and the U.S.A., many proposals for type size standardization had been made by the end of 19th century (such as Bruce Typefoundry's mathematical system that was based on a precise geometric progression). However, no nationwide standard was created until the American Point System was decided in 1886. The American Point System was proposed by Nelson C. Hawks of Marder Luse & Company in Chicago in the 1870s, and his point system used the same method of size division as Fournier's; viz. dividing 1 inch by 6 to get 1 pica, and dividing it again by 12 to get 1 point. However, the American Point System standardized finally in 1886 is different from Hawks' original idea in that 1 pica is not precisely equal to 1⁄6 inch (neither the Imperial inch nor the U.S. inch), as the United States Type Founders' Association defined the standard pica to be the Johnson Pica, which had been adopted and used by Mackellar, Smiths and Jordan type foundry (MS&J), Philadelphia. As MS&J was very influential in those days, many other type foundries were using the Johnson Pica.〔 Regarding the background of the adoption of the Johnson Pica, Mr. Richard L. Hopkins, author of ''Origin of The American Point System'' says: "The major issue then was the expense involved in re-tooling literally hundreds of molds in each foundry to make them all conform to the new system. If they could avoid just a few sizes being altered, it would save hundreds of thousands of dollars. That is why the MS&J (Johnson) pica was adopted." 〕 Also, MS&J defined that 83 Picas are equal to 35 centimeters. The choice of the metric unit for the prototype was because at the time the Imperial and US inches differed in size slightly, and neither country could legally specify a unit of the other. The Johnson Pica was named after Lawrence Johnson who had succeeded Binny & Ronaldson in 1833. Binny & Ronaldson was one of the oldest type foundries in the United States, established in Philadelphia in 1796. Binny & Ronaldson had bought the type founding equipment of Benjamin Franklin's (1706–1790) type foundry established in 1786 and run by his grandson Benjamin Franklin Bache (1769–1798). The equipment is thought to be that which Benjamin Franklin purchased from Pierre Simon Fournier when he visited France for diplomatic purposes (1776–1785). The official standard approved by the Fifteenth Meeting of the Type Founders Association of the United States in 1886 was this Johnson pica, equal to exactly 0.166 inch. Therefore the two other – very close – definitions, 1200 / 7227 inch and 350 / 83 mm, are both unofficial. ''In the American point system:'' *1 pica = exactly 0.1660 inch ''(versus 0.1666 = 1⁄6 inch for the DTP-pica)'' = 4.216 400 mm. *1 point = 1⁄12 Johnson pica = exactly 0.013 83 inch = 0.351 36 mm. The American point system has been used in the USA, Britain, Japan, and many other countries. Today, digital printing and display devices and page layout software use a unit that is different from these traditional typographic units. On many digital printing systems (desktop publishing systems in particular), the following equations are applicable (with exceptions, most notably the popular TeX typesetting system and its derivatives〔Wikibooks:LaTeX/Lengths〕). *1 pica = 1⁄6 inch (British/American inch of today) = 4.233 mm. *1 point = 1⁄12 pica = 1⁄72 inch = 127⁄360 mm = 0.3527 mm. You can see that Fournier's original method of division is restored in today's digital typography. Comparing a piece of type in didots for Continental European countries – 12 dd, say – to a piece of type for an English-speaking country – 12 pt – shows that the main body of a character is actually about the same size. The difference is that the languages of the former often need extra space atop the capital letters for accent marks (e.g. Ñ, Â, Ö, É), but English rarely needs this. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Typographic unit」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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